# Tirzepatide References: Full Citation List | Tirzepatide

> Full citation list for the Tirzepatide evidence record: SURPASS and SURMOUNT trials, mechanism studies, safety meta-analyses, and cardiometabolic outcomes — with DOIs and PubMed URLs.

## All sources cited on this site

Complete numbered reference list for every citation used across [Tirzepatide references](/references) on this site. Numbers match the inline [N] markers in the body text.

## References

[1] Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30473097/
[2] Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170647/
[3] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/
[4] Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[5] Heerspink HJL, et al. Effects of tirzepatide versus insulin glargine on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS-4 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152639/
[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/215866s000lbl.pdf
[7] Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39996356/
[8] Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078870/
[9] Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide Withdrawal in Adults With Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURMOUNT-4 Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41284285/
[10] Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908750/
[11] Hammoud R, et al. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36509857/
[12] Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32730231/
[13] Dahl D, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-5). Lancet. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672967/
[14] Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38912654/
[15] Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Body Composition: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41996180/
[16] Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40189856/
[17] Mishra R, et al. Tirzepatide-Induced Gastrointestinal Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908927/
[18] Shen P, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with tirzepatide: A bibliometric and pharmacovigilance analysis. PLoS One. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41894422/
[19] Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review. Drugs. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41351656/
[20] Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide (StatPearls). StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
[21] Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569606/
[22] Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes or obesity with a history of acute pancreatitis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332263/
[23] Zhang Z, et al. Tirzepatide safety in type 2 diabetes: a disproportionality analysis of adverse events using the FDA FAERS database. Endocr Connect. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40631601/
[24] Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39418085/
[25] Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32519795/
[26] et al. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41111833/
[27] Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41975852/
[28] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval for chronic weight management (tirzepatide) — press announcement and label record. FDA News & Events. 2023. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management
[29] Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39555826/
[30] Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38856224/
[31] Nicholls SJ, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41406444/
[32] de la Cruz-Concepcion B, et al. Tirzepatide Reduces 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adults With Body Mass Index ≥27. Hypertension. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38314555/
[33] Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Clinical Trials. Diabetes Ther. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016573/
[34] Campbell JE, et al. GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist therapies for diabetes and weight loss-chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37591245/
[35] Locatelli JC, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687506/
[36] Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025). Healthcare (Basel). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41008391/
[37] Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and body habitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40186344/
[38] Galli M, et al. Cardiovascular Effects and Tolerability of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 99,599 Patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40892610/

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The published tirzepatide trial record, read independently — what is approved, what the studies measured, and where the evidence stops.